Infra Red Spectroscopy in Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Infra Red Spectroscopy in Chemistry - Essay Example The absorbed radiation is converted into energy of molecular vibration by the sample molecules. The frequency of absorption of radiation depends on the masses of the atoms in the molecule, the force constants of the bonds, and the geometric structure of the molecule. Hence, the resulting spectrum is an exact replica of sample contents and its molecular structure as supported by Beer-Lambert Law (Duckworth, 1998) which states that there is a linear relationship between how much light is absorbed by a sample and the product of the concentration of the absorbing species and its path length. A close examination of infra-red spectrum fingerprints reveals that absorption peaks correspond to the frequency of vibration between the bonds of the atoms of sample material while the magnitude of peaks corresponds to the amount of material present. Since each sample has a unique molecular structure just like a fingerprint so no two unique molecular structures produce the same infra-red spectrum (l eaving few exceptions). Hence the information provided by infra-red spectra about the composition as well as the structure of a molecule of a sample material clearly paves a way for both qualitative a â€Å"positive identification† and (with an aid of modern software algorithms) quantitative i. e. â€Å"amount† (Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 2001, p.3) analysis of material, an invaluable tool for QA/QC or contamination analysis applications. For example, Ethanol content is the single most important parameter in alcoholic beverage industries. ‘For many economic and regulatory reasons, convenient, accurate, and fast quantitative determination of ethanol in mixtures is important. With the increased importance of quality assurance in industries, Near-IR spectroscopy has become an important quantitative tool for solvent characterization’.

Ruby Tuesday’s Code of Conduct Essay Example for Free

Ruby Tuesday’s Code of Conduct Essay For each business due to the human aspect of ethics and the connection to business success corporate leaders take different steps to establish a code of conduct not only for employees but directors and officers of a major company. The code of conduct has different key areas that have significant importance to the business. Ruby Tuesday has specific guidelines that they set for their employees. Preventing harassment and discrimination including race, color, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, national origin, disability, veteran or marital status, and rudeness towards guests or vendors could result to disciplinary actions including the termination of employment. Having this in the policy shows that the company does care for the rights and respect given to the people that are apart of their company. It provides employees to feel they are given fair treatment. Another key area is inside trading. It is against policy for an employee, officer, or director to profit from material that is nonpublic. Material can include unannounced sales or estimate of sales, unannounced changes in earnings estimates or actual earnings, and changes in management. Any employee, director, or officer withholding any information may not buy or sell any securities or exercise any options to buy securities until 48 hours after material information has been released publicly. With this being included in the policy it is important to establish trust between an employee and the employer. It shows significance to the business that they are all about honesty. They don’t allow information to be leaked early. If a sale was being given at a specific time well it wouldn’t be fair if anybody knew a couple days before or a week before. Employees should prevent the payment of bribes or kickbacks. They are unable to offer, give, solicit, receive, or authorize any bribe or kickback. It’s unacceptable to accept improper inducement payment or gift in connection with Ruby Tuesday. The significance  of preventing the payment of bribes is to not cheat the business out of its sale. If a customer was purchasing something for full price but did not want to pay full price, instead the customer bribed the employee with a really good gift or payment. It would be cheating the company out of its profit for that specific merchandise. Employees are able to eliminate hazards from the workplace and provide a safe and healthy work environment. They are told to dispose of any hazardous material and toxins. Establishing a safe and healthy work area is very important in a business. Not everybody can be comfortable with working around something that isn’t safe to them physically or health wise. It is important that not only employees are safe but customers are as well. There are antitrust laws in business. Employees are never allowed to discuss or make agreements with competitors. These type of discussions can include past, present, or future pricing, pricing policies, bids, discounts, promotions or similar items or conditions regarding sales. Trust is important in business you have to know whether or not your employees can be trusted with top secret information. You wouldn’t want your competition a couple steps ahead of you and knowing all your plans and tactics. Also included in the policy is the proper use of assets. The theft, misuse or waste of any property or services by an employee, officer or director can result in disciplinary actions including termination of your employment. It also can include possible civil and criminal penalties. The proper way of handling property and services are important. If you didn’t follow the safety guidelines of equipment things could go wrong. You could end up damaging the property or getting hurt from not using it properly. Companies’ take steps to ensure that the policy and guidelines are being followed properly. The board of Ruby Tuesday oversees, advises and monitors the performance of the management team. They do this by having frequent meetings discussing the management and the release of the company’s quarterly earnings. The directors are expected to spend time to review and understand the materials being distributed to them in advance of meetings of the Board and of the committees on which they serve. Three ways Ruby Tuesday can engage in socially responsive activities within the community is creating a webpage on a social network. They could also have surveys given out to each customer that walks in. And last but not least a fundraiser they can do to help raise money for either their company benefit or community’s  benefit.

Never The Twain Shall Meet Book Report :: essays research papers

Throughout the ITP program and the lower level ASL classes the name Gallaudet is driven into our heads. We know of the University named after him and how he was the man to bring education to the Deaf in America. What was not before mentioned is that there were two Gallaudets. The first thing I learned from this book is the importance of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and his son Edward Miner Gallaudet. I fact I had believed for some time now that E.M. Gallaudet was this extraordinary man that everyone loved and the named a university after him. It is unfortunate that this was not made clearer in the past. Now all I see is a man who took the only path that he knew how to take. E.M. Gallaudet had very little choice but to instruct in the way that he did. It is true that it was ultimately his choice but I believe that nurture is much more powerful than nature. E.M.’s mother was taught sign and communicated in sign to her husband and child. Naturally E.M. would think this is the best method of instruction. To think other wisely would be to say that his mother was inadequate. In turn this would mean that his upbringing was inadequate which would lead to the conclusion that he himself was an inadequate person. For his own salvation and peace of mind E.M. was given his path at birth. For him to have strayed from this would have ended up being a long and lonely road cutting all ties with the past. So E.M. like any normal man of that time chose to follow the path that was set out for him. T.H. Gallaudet was himself a teacher and I am sure passed on many of these traits to his son if not genetically then in his upbringing. It was no surprise to me after finding out that T.H. was himself a teacher that E.M. would be a teacher. This was further specializing in that T.H. was a teacher of the Deaf, which was to be the life long profession for E.M. In the beginning E.M. wanted to be a business man and make lots of money. This is probably attributed to the life he must have had with his father living the lifestyle of a minister. His dreams were of course cut short when his father died.

Essay example --

Free radicals play an important role in several biological processes such as cell signaling and redox regulation. However, prolonged exposure to free radicals leads to oxidative damage. Subsequently, it has been implicated in the progression of several diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, nephropathy, ocular disease and pre-eclampsia. The antioxidant defense system within the body may confer protection to oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. Antioxidants also may be obtained from dietary sources/ supplements. The efficacy of antioxidant intake on initiation and progression of chronic diseases will be reviewed. Introduction Oxygen is an element that is crucial for the sustenance of life on earth. It is paradoxical that this indispensable element can cause harmful effects in humans under certain circumstances. Much of the detrimental consequences of oxygen are attributed to its ability to form free radicals (1) . A free radical is a reactive molecule that contains at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbit, and is capable of independent existence (2).Accumulation of these molecules in the body results in oxidative stress, a process by which physiologically important molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are damaged (3). However, the body can employ antioxidants to impede the threat of free radical attack (4).Antioxidants are potent scavengers of free radicals (1). They function by donating an electron to a free radical or by eliminating initiators of free radicals (5). Antioxidants may be classified as endogenous or exogenous depending on their mode of acquisition by the body (1). E ndogenous antioxidants are naturally produced by t... ...ment dosage and duration of treatment. Moreover, a host of lifestyle behaviors are responsible for determining the health of individuals. Antioxidant intake in combination with physical activity, and alcohol and tobacco moderation may yield profound benefits in disease management. Thus, multifactorial interventions may serve as alternative strategies in disease management. Finally, investigations on the effects of nutrients in isolation may provide valuable information regarding its mode of action, but do not elucidate the phenomenon of total diet. The intrinsic nature of diet is characterized by several interactions between bioactive dietary components, some of which still remain unexplained. Hence, antioxidant supplements must be prescribed with caution and the use of antioxidant rich foods as disease prevention agents may hold promise in future clinical trials.

Judaism and the Chosen People of God Essay

Judaism is one of the first monotheistic religions currently surviving. It followers, the Jews, believe that there is only one God who is Almighty and Everlasting. Inscribed in the Torah is the name of God, with four consonants and no vowels. They have high respect for the Lord that they consider his name â€Å"too holy to be pronounced† (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). In their daily conversations and prayers, the Jews use different words pertaining to God. Everyday speech include â€Å"the Holy One† and â€Å"Blessed be He† while prayers include Adonal, or the Lord, and shomer Yisrael, or Israel’s guardian. These demonstrate how the Jewish perception of the Lord, as seen in the book of Genesis where the stories of the Patriarchs are written (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). The Jewish understanding towards their relationship with the Lord the worship is in accordance to their Covenant. God gives His promise to be their God who guides and protects them, while requiring them to follow the Mitzvot or His commandments. God chose the Jews as His chosen people. This is not because He favors them with privileges, but because He endowed them with a responsibility of being the priest people. It is actually a difficult task and the literal translation of the word Israel is â€Å"one who struggles with God† (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). One of their most basic beliefs is that they have the responsibility to worship God and recite prayers, which is called Tefillah. They should also express their gratitude and thanks to the Lord for his love and greatness, which is shown through the Amidah or the prayer of18 blessings in praise of God recited while standing. They also see themselves to have the task of responding to God through both repentance and search of social justice (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). History of Key Sacred Texts The Torah, or Law, is the commandment given by God to His chosen people. It was originally pertained to the Ten Commandments, and eventually became the Pentateuch. The Torah is the most important text in the Jewish religious life, as it contains the revelation from God. It is God’s gift to His people given to Moses at Mount Sinai. However, the original texts given by God to Moses did not survive the raid of Jerusalem during 6 BC. Also destroyed were the other Scriptures written by different Prophets, with high relevance to the Jewish faith. But after the release of Israel from Babylon in 5 BC, the Prophet Ezra revived the accounts on the life of the Patriarchs and the history of God’s chosen people. And between 4 and 2 BC, other authors wrote down the different Scriptures of other Prophets that existed long before. Prophet Jonah, who lived during the 8th century BC, was found to have his scriptures written during this period while the Psalms were written after five centuries. The sources of these authors are however unknown (Mirza, . Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments contain the fundamental laws that God requires His people to abide. These state the different religious and moral obligations of men, revealing God’s will on man’s duties to Him and to the rest of His creation. God’s commandments are written in the Pentateuch twice, as it is found both in the Books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. God himself carved the words on two stone tablets as sacred texts handed to Moses (Bellaflore, 2007). The Ten Commandments are God’s covenant with the Israelites. The first three laws concern man’s relationship with God, as it states what man’s responsibilities are to his Lord. While the remaining seven laws are about how man should live with others, as they should not transgress each other’s rights as human beings and equal children of God. The first commandments directly state that there is only one God, the monotheistic notion of an Almighty Creator. The people should not worship other Gods, and therefore should not commit idolatry and other forms of polytheistic practices. The other two commandments teach the people to not commit blasphemy, or take the name of the Lord in vain, and to always observe the Sabbath day. The rest relates the basic commandment that one must not wrong his neighbor, that he must not commit murder, adultery, thievery, and bear false witness. Children are also expected by God to always honor their parents (Bellaflore, 2007). Jerusalem This city is the most important city to the Jews. Upon their migration to the Palestine, many other tribes and populations have already occupied area and cities have already risen. King David seized one of the cities in 1005 BCE and converted it into his capital city Jerusalem. This is where both religious and political affairs were concentrated, where the Temple of God was built. But the Temple and most of its contents perished during the conquest of the city by other empires. The Romans destroyed the last Temple and only a single wall survived until today. It is now known as the Wailing Wall and is one of the holiest Jewish places both in Jerusalem and the entire world (Imhoof, 2008). The Nation of Israel The State of Israel is a country found in southwestern Asia established on May 14, 1948 with David Ben Gurion as its first prime minister. The land was formerly part of Palestine conquered British, and was handed to the Jews and marked the success of the Zionism movement. This movement campaigned for providing the Jews their own place at the land of their ancestors. As sanctioned by the United Nations, this sovereign nation was created and gave home to many Jews from all over the world. But because displaced Palestinians formerly occupy Israel, there rose an Arab-Israeli conflict. The Muslims protested against the handing of the land to the Jews while the Arabs were left landless (Davison 375; Grobman, no page; Israel, no page). Different Sects of Judaism There were numerous Jewish sects during the first century AD, each primarily in search of the messiah. To them, the messiah is both a religious and political leader who would save them from Roman captivity. These sects include the Pharisees, the Zealots, the Sadducees, the Essenes, and even the Christians. In 70 CE, the Second Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed along with these sects. However, Christianity survived this disaster and separated itself from Judaism as a different religion. The Pharisees, on the other hand, is now the remaining form of Judaism called Rabbinic Judaism (Jewish sects and denominations, no date). A fraction of the Jewish population of the 8th century rejected the oral law included in the Mishnah as followed by the Pharisees, as done by the Sadducees. But eventually, they themselves developed their unique oral traditions that greatly varied from those of the Rabbinic Jews. They are called the Karaite sect, and are still in existence but in a less population number (Jewish sects and denominations, no date). The Holocaust The Holocaust is also known as the Shoah in Hebrew, or the destruction of the Jewish people by Nazi Germany. During the German conquest of Europe, an approximately six million Jews died as they were systematically killed by the fascist and anti-Semite regime of Hitler. The casualties represent the destruction of two-thirds of the entire population of Jews in Europe and one-third of the world. They were deliberately and methodically exterminated through the gas chamber, the crematory ovens, forced labor, hunger, and poor sanitary conditions. This is Hitler’s plan as his answer and â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question† (History of the Holocaust – An Introduction, 2008). Sacred Practices and/or Holidays Two of the most important Jewish holidays are the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Rosh Hashanah is known as the Jewish New Year while Yom Kippur is known as the Day of Atonement. Both of these holidays are expression of the Jewish belief on the judgment of God and that they need to both repent and forgive. Yom Kippur is an entire day where Jews contemplate and reflect, making amends to their sins, and ask God for His forgiveness by fasting (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). Customs and practices of the Jews include circumcising the boys during their eighth day. When the boy reaches age 13, he takes participation in a ceremonial rite where he becomes bar mitzvah. From here on, he is considered an adult who will take on his religious responsibilities. Other religious congregations perform a similar ceremony for girls of age 12, called the bat mitzvah. Jews also recite different kinds of prayers in the morning, afternoon and evening. They perform these either at home or the synagogue. Once every week, the Jews celebrate the holy day of Sabbath, from Friday sundown until Saturday sundown. They also observe strict dietary laws called the Kosher and their spiritual leader is called the rabbi (Grobman, no page; Wenner, no page). Judaism Today Due to the constant changes in human life, there is a tremendous technological advancement in the modern world, prompting people to adapt. These changes bring about questions on the Jewish laws, and whether they should be retained. It is therefore the responsibility of the spiritual leaders to adapt and reinterpret the Jewish laws according to the call of times. In our modern world, there are three main divisions among the Jews – the Orthodox, the Conservative, and the Reform Jews. Orthodox Jews are still abiding by the strictest Jewish laws, and are confined within tradition. The conservative Jews consider the orthodox Jews as too Jewish while they do not consider reform Jews as practicing Judaism. Reform Jews, on the other hand, are very liberal and recognizes their religion as progressive. (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, 2008). References Buchanan, J. , and Halliwell, K. (2008). Judaism. Slamnet. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www.slamnet. org. uk/re/judaism. htm. Bellaflore, M. L. (2007). â€Å"The Ten Commandments. â€Å" New Advent. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. newadvent. org/cathen/04153a. htm. Davison, Michael Worth. When, Where, Why, and How it Happened. London: Reader’s Digest Association Far East Limited, 1993. Grobman, Gary M. â€Å"Who are the Jews. † 1990. Remember. Retrieved 25 February 2008 from http://www. remember. org/guide/Facts. root. whoare. html â€Å"History of the Holocaust – An Introduction. † 2008. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/history. html. Imhoof, D. â€Å"Judaism. † February 23, 2008. Susquehanna University. Retrieved March 5, 2008 http://www. susqu. edu/history/medtrav/jerusalem/jewish. htm. â€Å"Israel. † 2007. Information Please [Database]. Retrieved 25 February 2008 from http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0107652. html. â€Å"Judaism. † One Little Angel. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. onelittleangel. com/wisdom/quotes/judaism. asp? level=4#. Mirza, M. â€Å"History of the Torah. â€Å"Ummah. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www. ummah. net/what-is-islam/scriptur/scriptt. htm

Nicaragua and Terrorism essays

Nicaragua and Terrorism essays Nicaragua The following is the definition of terrorism as defined by the FBI: "the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives" (FBI, 2003). It is the aim of this essay to determine whether the actions of the United States in Nicaragua in the early 1980s fit this American definition of terrorism, and to compare those actions with the actions of regimes that the United States government has been critical of in recent months to establish if such criticism may be seen to be hypocritical. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821, along with the rest of Central America. It was a part of Mexico for a brief time, then part of the then Central American Federation. Nicaragua finally achieved complete independence in 1838. Soon after, Britain and the USA both became extremely interested in Nicaragua and the strategically important RÃÆ'Â ­o San Juan navigable passage from Lago de Nicaragua to the Caribbean. In 1848, the British seized the port at the mouth of the RÃÆ'Â ­o San Juan on the Caribbean coast and renamed it Greytown. This became a major transit point for hordes of hopefuls looking for the quickest route to Californian gold. In 1855, the liberals from the city of Leon invited William Walker, an American intent on taking over Latin American territory, to help seize power from the conservatives based in Granada. Aided by a band of mercenaries, Walker and his fellows took Granada easily and he proclaimed himself president, one of his first moves being to institutionalize slavery. He was soon ejected from power and the country, but showed almost absurd tenacity as he repeatedly tried to invade the country. This was the first American intervention in the affairs of Nicaragua, and in many ways set the preced...

Innovative Ways to Teach Math

Innovative Ways to Teach Math Believe it or not, math can be taught in some very innovative ways, and private schools are some of the top educational institutions pioneering new ways to master a traditional subject. A case study in this unique approach to teaching math can be found at one of the top boarding schools in the US, the Phillips Exeter Academy. Years ago, teachers at Exeter developed a series of math books containing problems, techniques, and strategies that are now being used at other private day and boarding schools. This technique has become known as Exeter Math.   The Process of Exeter Math What makes Exeter Math truly innovative, is that the traditional classes and course progression of Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Geometry, etc., is done away with in favor of students learning the skills and computations necessary to solve problems. Every homework assignment contains elements of each traditional math course, rather than separating them out into segmented annual learning.  The math courses at Exeter are centered on the math problems  written by the teachers. The entire course is different from traditional math classes in that it is problem-centered rather than topic-centered. For many, the traditional middle or high school math class generally presents a topic within the class time with the teacher and then asks students to complete lengthy assignments at home that consist of repetitive problem-solving exercises, intended to help students better master the procedures for homework. However, the process is altered in Exeters math classes, which involve little direct instruction drills. Instead, students are given a small number of word problems to complete each night independently. There is little direct instruction about how to complete the problems, but there is a glossary to help students, and the problems tend to build on each other. The students direct the learning process themselves. Each night, students work on the problems, doing the best they can, and log their work. In these problems, the learning  process  is just as important as the answer, and teachers want to see all of the students’ work, even if it is done on their calculators. What If a Student Struggles With Math? Teachers suggest that if students are stuck on a problem, they make an educated guess and then check their work. They do this by making up an easier problem with the same principle as the given problem. Since Exeter is a boarding school, students can visit their teachers, other students, or the math help center if they are stuck while doing their homework in their dorms at night. They are expected to carry out 50 minutes of concentrated work per night and to work persistently, even if the work is very difficult for them. The next day, students bring their work to class where they discuss it in a seminar-like style around a Harkness table, an oval-shaped table that was designed at Exeter and is used in most of their classes to facilitate conversation. The idea is not to just present the right answer but for each student to have a turn presenting his or her work to facilitate conversation, share methods, work out problems, communicate about ideas, and support other students. What Is the Purpose of the Exeter Method? While traditional math courses emphasize rote learning that does not connect to everyday issues, the purpose of the Exeter word problems is to help students really understand math by working out the equations and algorithms themselves rather than just being given them. They also come to understand the applications of the problems. While this process can be very difficult, particularly for students new to the program, students learn traditional math areas such as algebra, geometry, and others by working out the ideas themselves. As a result, they really understand them and how they relate to mathematical issues and problems they could encounter outside of the classroom. Many private schools across the country are adopting the Exeter math class materials and procedures, particularly for honors math class. Teachers at schools using Exeter math state that the program helps students own their work and take responsibility for learning it- rather than simply having it handed to them. Perhaps the most important aspect of Exeter math is that it teaches students that being stuck on a problem is acceptable. Instead, students realize that it’s all right not to know the answers right away and that discovery and even frustration are in fact essential to real learning. Updated by Stacy Jagodowski.

Heres the One of the Oldest Peace Treaties from the Ancient World

Here's the One of the Oldest Peace Treaties from the Ancient World columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/faculty/Bahrani.htmlLets head back to the Early Dynastic Period in ancient Mesopotamia: more specifically, the southern part, a.k.a. Sumer. Around 2500 B.C., the predominant polities, resulting from consolidation of power in small areas, were city-states; they began compete for domination of local resources and influence. Two in particular, Umma and Lagash, battled particularly hard, resulting in the Stele of the Vultures, one of the oldest historiographical monuments. Pretty epic.   There are seven remaining fragments of the Stele of Vultures, now in the Louvre. Found on what was once the town of Girsu, part of Lagashs sphere of influence, it was erected by one Eannatum, ruler of Lagash, around 2460 B.C. The stele depicts Eannatums version of his conflict with the neighboring city-state of Umma over a tract of land bordering both territories. The inscription on the stele is quite long, longer than most votive plaques, indicating that this is a new type of monument. One of the first monuments we know to be intended for public view, its also one the first example historians have of ancient rules of war. The stele has two sides: one historical and one mythological. The first features several different registers, most of which depict the military campaign waged by Lagash against Umma. A chronological narrative is divided into an easily readable tripartite story. One register depicts Eannatum, clad in a fleecy garment worn by kings (here, we see the development of the image of the warrior-king), and marches with tons of fierce soldiers with pikes. Lagash tramples its enemies into the ground. The second register shows a victory parade, soldiers marching behind their king, the next register brings to life funerary proceedings, in which the men of Lagash bury their massacred enemies. On the reverse of the stele, we get the mythological story of how the divine forces intervened on behalf of Lagash. Its in direct contrast to the historiographic narrative featured on the previous side of the stele. According to Eannatum, he was the son of his citys patron god, Ningirsu. Its on behalf of Ningursu that Eannatum claims he went to war; after all, the city of Lagash and its boundaries belonged to the god himself, and it was sacrilege to transgress upon his land. Vultures swarm around the bodies, giving the stele its name. Depicted most prominently on this side is Ningursu, holding the enemy soldiers of Umma in a giant net, the ​shushgal  net.  In one hand he holds the net; in the other is a mace, with which he smacks nude soldiers  in  the net. On top of the net sits a symbol of Ningursu, the mythical  imdugud  bird. Made up of an eagle body and a lion head, the hybrid creature personified the power of rainstorms. As Ningursu, shown as bigger than any human, single-handedly dominates these soldiers, we see the god as a wielder of power on his own; the king served the god of his city (and his putative father), not the other way around. So this imagery is great, but what about the actual treaty between the kings of Lagash and Umma? Placed on the boundary between the two cities, this monument involved oaths to half a dozen really important Sumerian deities, who were always invoked in treaties as witnesses. The men of Umma were supposed to swear by Enlil, another important god, that theyd respect the boundary and the stele. In exchange for Umma giving up its claim to Lagashs land, though, Eannatum promised to rent another tract of territory to Umma. Later, though, it was revealed that Umma never paid rent, so the cities went to war again. Eannatums successor, Enmetena, had to push his enemies back again. In addition to creating a new treaty, Eannatum showed himself a restorer of old monuments, reaffirming himself as a builder-king in the vein of his predecessors, as he rebuilt a stele put up there by King Mesalim of Kish years earlier.   Sources include Zainab Bahranis classes at Columbia University.

Modivication of ELP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modivication of ELP - Essay Example The main reason for choosing the computer network and communication technology specialization is hone my technical acumen, as this will qualify me to attain a future high scientific position in this field. The world now is taking a significant technological leap that requires more professional workers and developers. I am ready to meet the requirements of this Digital Age. Through further study and perseverance I will convert the theoretical academic knowledge into practical scientific applications in the area of communications technology. Study at Coventry University allows one to coexist and identify with a wide-array of students and cultures. There are many things that can be gathered from experiencing this multicultural perspective. I’ve found one of the most relevant application of the Coventry community occurs in collaborative activities, where students share scientific specializations, construct reports, create the projects, and present the findings. The multi-varied cultures, languages, religions, and traditions Coventry university cultivates is truly inspiring. Coventry university characterizes development in all fields, matching global business development to contemporary teaching methods. In the final year of my specialization module (mobile and Wireless), the class visited the BT company to support students practical study and experience. There are several positive factors will help me gain enough familiarity with information about network and communication technology. These factors have motivated me to complete my postgraduate degree study at Coventry university. - My driving force to success is the working collaboratively on study topics and meeting with other students; I also plan to consult with the school’s teachers who have relevant experience in my specialty. - I have the required expertise to utilize the laboratory equipments, particularly those related

Joan of Arc (1929) visual analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Joan of Arc (1929) visual analyses - Essay Example I feel that Dreyer actually did a unique job to develop eloquent interpretations from visual objects to life situations and to other artworks. The use of photography and pictures Dreyer uses a portrait of Mile Falconetti to reveal the faith that guided the lady knight of France. The sadness portrayed in this picture seems very real and at some point, as tears roll down her cheeks, the eyes widen at hearing something from the old, cultured men who question her pitilessly. The interesting part revealed here is that, though it happened 500 years back, when anyone takes a seat in the Little Carnegie Theatre, looking at this extraordinary motion picture, he or she is torn between hate and pity. The face of Mile with her closely collected hair is at first persuasive but startling (Warner 56). Her brown skin, the staring eyes, her lips free from rouge but which look dry, all resemble the girl of the soil. However, as the picture continues, one realizes in the sensitive elements something re ally magnetic, specifically the irregular glance of hope. Her expression does not tighten a feature, and when she is steadfast in her faith, no movement of the jaws is portrayed, but regularly by her eyes. No signs of revenge or bitterness, but she is confident with the responses to her inquisitors. The photography used by Dreyer pulls ever jot of fury, disdain, and impatience from the soldiers and clerics. The whiplash pulls touching extreme to touching extreme to give the movie its raw authority, but it is positively wearing for the viewer. Personally, I felt drained after watching the movie, which means I was deeply invested in the emotional turmoil by Joan throughout the movie. The use of the camera Mile Falconetti is outstanding in the way she answers questions, and Dreyer darts at different places of the stage with his camera. Sometimes he reveals Jeanne in a turn of the room with the huge heads and tinier heads in the foreground. He brings out something that is happening and then flashes somewhere else to other heads. All this is achieved without fadeouts or dissolves in such an efficient way that whichever the angle from which the scenes are viewed, it is ever satisfactory and not in any way impressionistic or tricky. It is a fact that a curious feat, the way in which this movie is pictured, with its numerous close-ups, it is very thoroughly matched to this specific subject. Nevertheless, the weakness in the film can be seen here, noting that it is doubtful if this screen method would effectively suit any other story (Warner 72). The camera is frequently placed at exaggerated angles, and faces are often cropped so firmly as to forcefully defy a character’s individual space. Further, edits in between shots are mostly had no coherence. This means that the camera could go between the questioner and Joan without minding to care if it seems like they are really facing each other. Since the shots are framed so firmly on every frame, each movement wave s into great touching pay-offs. In this sense therefore, interties are almost useless when the camera bores into the soul of every character. I agree that the all-purpose lack of interties actually made the best part of the film and kept the pace from deteriorating. Costumes The Danish director in this film makes the most of long phrases of the costumes or garments of the priest in the foreground on a single side of the barrow’

The Graduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Graduate - Essay Example The film closes with the celebrated shot of the two in the cover of a transport with devoid interpretations on their appearances. The story centers separately on the excursion of one character, Benjamin Braddock, it is organized in a manner that he is in just about every scene, and his activities drive the story through the three demonstrations. In place for the group of onlookers to think about this character the crowd must have the capacity to feel what the saint feels and be earnestly occupied with his choices. This is accomplished generally through the cautious shot choices and encircling of the Polaroid. One will see that the cinematography is rich with imagery and is frequently set in the perspective of the hero bringing about the group of onlookers to feel the way that the hero feels attaining a feeling of sympathy and backing for the hero. To demonstrate this point the course and cinematography will regularly be tended to (Caporrimo, 2011).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Graduate starts with a nearby up on Benjamin Braddocks face. This instantly creates the principle character. The shot zooms out to uncover that he is on a plane encompassed by exhausted, resting, bland individuals. He mixes right in. The accompanying shot is Ben standing vacuous on a moving walkway. The levelheadedness in his face is very nearly automated; he takes after a thing descending a manufacturing plant line on a conveyer cinch. He is going to return home to a universe of shallow individuals and this shot appears to be speaking to that outwardly. The shot keeps going for a moment considering a watchful perception of our hero. Yet this pacing is deliberate and works adequately for this story. The gathering of people deciphers that our hero is in a trance. He appears lost or out of spot. He appears troubled and out of his component. This begins the group of onlookers considering who Benjamin Braddock is. Not just does this moderate

CASH FLOW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASH FLOW - Assignment Example Net earnings plus added back depreciation have contributed to the bulk of cash flow from operating activities, amounting to 3,883+1,682= $5,565 million. Increases/decreases in inventory, receivables, accounts payable, and other miscellaneous items have contributed the remaining $1,068M. Thus the increase has come mostly from the profits earned during the year. Out of the increase realized through operating activities, $1,129M have been used in investing activities, the major portion having been invested in capital expenditures. A small part has been accounted by sale of assets and property, and from sale of business. Financing activities have accounted for $4,048M of the outflow from the total of $6,651M contributed by operating activities. The bulk of this amount has gone in repurchase of stocks and in payment of dividends. Lowe’s The increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year 2011 was $364 million. The contribution from operating activities was $4,351M, of which the major portion was from net operating income ($1,839M) and depreciation ($1,579M). The net increase in cash and cash equivalents on account of these two items was $3,418M. The remaining amount of $931M has come from changes in current assets/liabilities and miscellaneous items. ... Increases/decreases in inventory, receivables, accounts payable, and other miscellaneous items have contributed the remaining $1,068M. Thus the increase has come mostly from the profits earned during the year. Out of the increase realized through operating activities, $1,129M have been used in investing activities, the major portion having been invested in capital expenditures. A small part has been accounted by sale of assets and property, and from sale of business. Financing activities have accounted for $4,048M of the outflow from the total of $6,651M contributed by operating activities. The bulk of this amount has gone in repurchase of stocks and in payment of dividends. Lowe’s The increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year 2011 was $364 million. The contribution from operating activities was $4,351M, of which the major portion was from net operating income ($1,839M) and depreciation ($1,579M). The net increase in cash and cash equivalents on account of these tw o items was $3,418M. The remaining amount of $931M has come from changes in current assets/liabilities and miscellaneous items. Of the cash generated by operating activities, $1,437M has been used in investing activities and $2,549M in financing activities. The major portion of the amount used by investment activities has gone to acquisition of property, which has partly been funded by net sale of investments, the remaining coming from cash generated in operating activities. The bulk of the cash used in financing activities has gone towards repurchase of shares and payment of dividends ($3,584M). This has been partly funded by issuance of long-term debt, the balance coming from cash generated in operating activities. Forecast of

Mexican Politics and Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mexican Politics and Culture - Research Paper Example Since it gained independence from Great Britain, America has chosen the federal presidential form. Canada has long been federal parliamentary. Mexico on the other hand, seems to base its government structure with America. The United Mexican States (commonly known as Mexico) has no royal families unlike Canada. Mexico appears to have a very similar political system with United States due to the following factors: (1) presidential system (2) three autonomous branches (executive, legislative and judiciary) with checks and balances (3) federalism with a good amount of local autonomy. Notably, despite their sameness in political system, America and Mexico do not have the same economic status (Stacy, 2002). Like Canada, United States is one of the developed and industrialized countries of the world whereas Mexico belongs to the developing nations (Stacy, 2002). In lieu of that fact, this research paper will explore the respective political system of Mexico and United States. This will be f ollowed by a brief analysis of their similarities. At the end, an assessment shall be provided on whether or not their similar political structure is the reason for their economic disparity. The Mexican Political System Rogelio Hernandez-Rodriguez (2003) described the Mexican government as authoritative and the most successful to maintain a system which is dominated by one party. The PRI or the Institutional Revolutionary Party has long been controlling Mexican politics. This political party has ruled Mexico for almost seventy-one years (Klesner, 2005). Majority of the elected government officials of Mexico are affiliated with PRI. The authoritative nature of Mexican government is attributed to this fact. Nevertheless, despite the hegemony of PRI, Mexico has been politically stable (Rodriguez, 2003). The other political parties have done nothing bad for the government. It has been stressed that the country’s single party and presidential type of government are the major eleme nts of its effective institutional structure (Huntington, as cited in Rodriguez, 2003, p. 97). This is quite logical since a political party which continues to rule for several years can always focus on implementing its platforms. A one-party system promotes continuity of projects and more social services. Nonetheless, it does not allow other parties to contribute ideas to a great degree. The interest of the dominating party is always at the forefront of every political move. In fairness to Mexican citizens, they have been observed to recognize the reign of a single political party. Social acceptance of this reality has been imminent (Rodriguez, 2003). It could even be asserted that to a certain point, these citizens have been passive about the party’s dominance. Significantly, PRI experienced defeat in the last 2000 presidential election. The outcome of the election has shocked many journalists and politicians (Klesner, 2005). It was almost unbelievable on the part of Instit utional Revolutionary Party. One possible reason for the party’s defeat is the Mexican citizens’ discontentment or dismay with the administration largely controlled by PRI. The National Action Party’s (PAN) Vicente Fox won that particular election and served as Mexican president from 2000 to 2006 (Klesner, 2005). In the 2006 presidential race, a PAN candidate was also elected named Felipe Calderon (Klesner, 2005).

CASH FLOW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASH FLOW - Assignment Example Net earnings plus added back depreciation have contributed to the bulk of cash flow from operating activities, amounting to 3,883+1,682= $5,565 million. Increases/decreases in inventory, receivables, accounts payable, and other miscellaneous items have contributed the remaining $1,068M. Thus the increase has come mostly from the profits earned during the year. Out of the increase realized through operating activities, $1,129M have been used in investing activities, the major portion having been invested in capital expenditures. A small part has been accounted by sale of assets and property, and from sale of business. Financing activities have accounted for $4,048M of the outflow from the total of $6,651M contributed by operating activities. The bulk of this amount has gone in repurchase of stocks and in payment of dividends. Lowe’s The increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year 2011 was $364 million. The contribution from operating activities was $4,351M, of which the major portion was from net operating income ($1,839M) and depreciation ($1,579M). The net increase in cash and cash equivalents on account of these two items was $3,418M. The remaining amount of $931M has come from changes in current assets/liabilities and miscellaneous items. ... Increases/decreases in inventory, receivables, accounts payable, and other miscellaneous items have contributed the remaining $1,068M. Thus the increase has come mostly from the profits earned during the year. Out of the increase realized through operating activities, $1,129M have been used in investing activities, the major portion having been invested in capital expenditures. A small part has been accounted by sale of assets and property, and from sale of business. Financing activities have accounted for $4,048M of the outflow from the total of $6,651M contributed by operating activities. The bulk of this amount has gone in repurchase of stocks and in payment of dividends. Lowe’s The increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year 2011 was $364 million. The contribution from operating activities was $4,351M, of which the major portion was from net operating income ($1,839M) and depreciation ($1,579M). The net increase in cash and cash equivalents on account of these tw o items was $3,418M. The remaining amount of $931M has come from changes in current assets/liabilities and miscellaneous items. Of the cash generated by operating activities, $1,437M has been used in investing activities and $2,549M in financing activities. The major portion of the amount used by investment activities has gone to acquisition of property, which has partly been funded by net sale of investments, the remaining coming from cash generated in operating activities. The bulk of the cash used in financing activities has gone towards repurchase of shares and payment of dividends ($3,584M). This has been partly funded by issuance of long-term debt, the balance coming from cash generated in operating activities. Forecast of

Sourcing Decisions of Arts and Media Organizations Essay

Sourcing Decisions of Arts and Media Organizations - Essay Example Likewise, the process of fund raising and donations has rather become a commercial activity that not only has resulted in more and more charity events but has also created a market within that is funded by such large organizations. The amalgamation of social services and media and arts has been an eminent result. Hence the market for sponsorships has thrived. These can be seen by the famous charity events by BBC and FOX news (Dan 2011). Thus, activities like fundraising, donations and sponsorships are of strategic importance to such organizations which is why sourcing decisions are of integral importance to not only a firm’s financial standing but also to its public relations. It has no become a necessity to get the charity events sponsored or to sponsor a charity event for that matter, as it adds to the reputation and good will of the company. Likewise, firms involved in fundraising are evaluated on the basis of their participation in social activities and on this has become marketing an essential marketing tactics to broaden their customer base and reach of the brand. Fundraising events or sponsorships act as a contact point for several untapped markets and increases brand loyalty of the existing customer base (Pope 2010). Therefore, sourcing decisions are imperative. ... These may include the extended reach of its brand awareness, the objective to increase its brand exposure by having logos placed on the event’s advertisements or simply the motif of profit maximization. These objectives might sometimes conflict with the objective of the firm especially if the event is a charity event (Pope 2010). In that case both the parties will aim for different incentives thus the marketer must provide more substance than just logo pasting. Moreover, the commercial benefit of the sponsor may often be in direct conflict with the firm’s strategic goals. Hence rounds are negotiations are often common when sourcing decisions are made which however incur much costs for the firm (Simmons 2006). Therefore, the most crucial step is the decision to choose from the various candidates. A firm must choose the sponsor who is the best fit with the company’s strategic goals as well as its public image. The Consumer Involvement theory suggests that consumers make purchase decisions based on the level of involvement they have with the brand and includes the aspects of consumer behaviour like amount of time spent on choosing the product or service, research about the specific product or service, asking friends and family etc. therefore, like the advertisements and promotions, sponsorships should be based on such considerations (Krohmer 2011). Given the nature of arts and media products and services, which are high involvement decision making processes involving emotion rather than rational, the sponsorship should be based on consumers’ preferences of the emotional brands that they associate themselves. Hence if an organization is unable to identify the purchase decisions of its

Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Brave New World Essay Imagine living in a world with no mom and dad, and that at any of your sides you see many copies of yourself, and the only society you know is the one made up of some sort of hierarchy where you are not allowed to have any feelings or even think. This is the world depicted in the book Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. The book was published in 1932, he was looking to provide people a picture of a future perfectionist society full of science and â€Å"happiness†, but this vision somehow became the world we live in now. In the novel Brave New World, Huxley gives us a view of a society that can only achieve stability through fictional happiness. This is an example of a Utopian society that attempted to create a perfect society. At that time, changes in science were becoming frequent and Huxley noticed these changes. With the invention of the assembly line, the Ford Company allowed people to afford cars. Huxley was able to see where these advances in science were leading. When a person thinks of a utopia he or she thinks of a place where everyone is happy, with no diseases, where anger and sadness do not exist. As the motto of this world says â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability. † These three words hang in a sign over the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, this creates and conditions new human life. These words are the slogan for this society. Community means that all persons must work together to maximize the greatest happiness for society as a whole, and it occurs through the artificially implanted ideas of Identity that each person has. Regardless of the hierarchy they have, each person is supposed to be happy with their own identity. And Stability is the ultimate goal of society because only through stability can happiness be maintained and all unpleasant feelings and emotions be eradicated. We are living in a Brave New World society in the present days. In the novel, people were being cloned and their lives had been already planned even before their birth with the use of psychological technologies to control the future behavior. Conditioning, combined with prenatal treatment, created individuals without individuality: each one was programmed to behave the way the government wanted. The citizen’s mind was being manipulated basically through the use of drugs and propaganda. â€Å"The principle of sleep-teaching or hypnopaedia, had been discovered. † He critiques modern government institutions whose power and ideals has slowly inserted into the minds of ordinary people. They teaching the children with some kind of propaganda while they were sleeping, the will play a message that they wanted all those children to know for the rest of their lives. The book was written years ago, really far from our time, but the scary truth is that we are living in the same standards as the world idea of Huxley. Together with the media, our government manipulates us to do what they want. For example, those TV commercials of cell phones that tells us to buy smart phones because they are better and then year after year they come up with improvements that are not real and we buy them because we think they are going to be better but we are just being stupid consumers giving money to those big companies. The government approves this because by consumerism, we generate the need of more therefore, more production, more jobs and will better the economy. This utopian society, had also its benefits. Their liberalism respecting relationship and sex, was not as bad because they had no compromises. the government taught them not to have serious relationships with other people. There were no family values, they encouraged to freely have sex with any person they wanted because sex would make them happy. We can see this, when Lenina tells Fanny that she’s been sleeping with the same guy during four months and Fanny responds â€Å"It’s such a horribly bad form to go on and on like this with one man†¦ have somebody else from time to time, that’s all. † They do not condone exclusivity in a relationship, because that involved feelings of love and family and could lead to a disturbance on their social stability. We can totally mirror this in our present society. For example, few days ago a law gave underage girls the ability to purchase the morning after pill. This liberalism in sexuality is bad in the long run. This is allowing children to start their sexual life earlier, when thirteen year old kids are already having sex, there would be no exclusivity by the time they get married; there will be no family values within our society everything will be just about sex just as it was on the book. But were not responsible for those actions because this was all they knew. They manipulated them since babies so they’ll grow up to be a part of their caste and to do what that caste was supposed to do and be happy with it, therefore be more productive in society. Even though, this world was depicted as perfect and everyone seemed to be happy with their lame controlled lives, there were people that were really affecter with the ideals. For example, alpha Bernard Marx, he was a quiet guy that like to use soma (their cocaine-like drug) seemed to be in love with Lenina, he wanted something more than sex from her, but she was know pretty much as a slut, because probably half of the men in the conditioning center had slept with her and he is disgusted to hear the men in the elevator talk about Lenina as though she were meat. People in our society would look upon Brave New World; we would see it as a place of immoral behavior and obscenity. This could this possibly be because they were conditioned to all that and cannot realize it. They could just as easily be conditioned into thinking that only their thoughts are correct. Everyones goal in every culture is to reach a state of ultimate happiness. The society of Brave New World is just the same, but they go in different way by manipulation on actions, feelings and reproduction. There’s no need to sacrifice personal desires for the greater good. I think that what will make us really happy is the ability to freely make decisions about our own behavior and life, rather than relying on our society standards and what the government wants us to do. As an individual, I enjoy making my own decisions about what I want to be and about my sentimental relationship. I think anyone would want to strive to reach their full potential when they have the opportunity and freely reach their maximum happiness.

Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization

Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization Ilka I. Bryant Inter-group characteristics The term â€Å"African American† is used to refer to Americans descendants of the African tribes mainly from the sub-Sahara who came to America as slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries. As it is common with all unique cultural groups there are bound to be different core values, attitudes and beliefs even within the same group. Despite this, there are attitudes, beliefs and values that are very common and which bind the group or in this case the African Americans together. Some of these include; they have very strong kinship bonds, they strongly believe on the importance of strong religious ties or orientation, recognition of the importance of women and family in general is widespread. Children and how they are reared is viewed as the responsibility of every member of the community (Norment, 2005). The respect for the elderly is highly encouraged and practiced. Because of the historical injustices committed on the African American they have developed a sense of distrust of the government. They feel that the government neglected them and that it does not care. This has led many of them to become deeply religious, fatalistic and others have developed deviant behaviors. Most African Americans who have chosen the path of religion identify with the protestant movement and especially the Baptist denomination. On the aspect of group self-perceptions and issues related to stereotyping the African Americans have always felt discriminated upon because of their skin color (Norment, 2005). This feeling has not been helped by the various cases of injustices committed upon them from the first time they came to America as slaves, down the revolution times, during the times of the Black Power movements up to now. To the majority of African Americans the government neglected them a long time ago and this has had negative impacts on their socio-economic life. They argue that the government’s neglect has been the main cause of poverty among them (Norment, 2005). That they had very little opportunity for success because many of them did not go to school and therefore their chances of success both in the U.S and internationally was and is diminished. Some of them cite the slow government intervention during the hurricane Katrina as an example of how the government has neglected them. Intra-group characteristics As noted in the opening statement, the African Americans share may common beliefs, practices and attitudes. But like any other cultural group they also have several differences. These differences might be due to the geographical location, the level of education and even the economic class. Most of the elite African Americans for example do not have that strong attachment to religion that is common with other African Americans. Those African Americans who are doing very well economically are not likely to be bound by the beliefs, attitudes and practices that bind those below them economically. For instance, the kinship ties among the wealthy African Americans are not as pronounced as compared to the poor African Americans in the ghettos. Another major difference is between those African Americans from the South states such as Alabama which had a history of treating African American badly because of their skin color. The behavior and beliefs of the African Americans descended from thes e regions is very different from those who or their parents were raised in much liberal states such as New York which from the times of Abraham Lincoln was more lenient and tolerant. Different members of the African American group have different group self-perceptions mainly because of the different upbringing, education level, religious beliefs, and the economic status. To those who are endowed materially, they have very little time for groups but those African American who are economically disadvantaged identify very much with groups. There are three theoretical approaches to counseling that are very important especially when dealing with this kind of cultural group namely; the psychodynamic approach, the humanistic-existential approach and the cognitive-behavioral approach. In the psychodynamic approach, the focus is on how the person internal world is organized (Anderson, 1985). It looks at the person childhood experiences, relationships and how the person deals with self esteem issues. This is very important to understand when it comes to the African American group because some of them react differently especially in situations where they are the n minority or when abused because of their skin color. The counselor needs to work on the self esteem issues of this group more deeply than other groups. The humanistic-existential approach deals mostly with the person view of the world coupled with his experiences. It majors on the current life and state of affairs. The cognitive-behavior approach on the other hand looks at the person’s behavior and beliefs. The kind of belief one has a direct impact on his or her behavior, for instance, negative belief is known to lead or result to maladaptive behaviors. Psychodynamic approach tries to get the person to bring to the surface their true feelings in order to experience them and understand them. This approach assumes that everybody has a subconscious mind and that feelings held in the unconscious mind, and that feelings held in the unconscious mind are often too painful to be faced (Anderson, 1985). People come up with defenses to protect this painful feeling. The therapist them seeks to make the person to keep in touch with their own reality, makes them aware of the feelings they are not aware of and makes them tolerate the painful feeling they are experiencing. Since the African-Americans distrust the government, the counselor will try to make them aware that the problems they are facing are not caused by the government in power. The African-Americans will be resistant to law and thus they will engage in illegal activities such as abusing drugs. The counselor should therefore try to convince them that they need to change their attitudes towards the government and abide by law. The counselors will need to pay attention to the rights of the African Americans and should not in any way get involved in any form discrimination. The counselors will need to treat them fairly regardless of their personal feelings that they may have against them. They should not stereotype on them and hence this will ensure that there is no biasness during the counseling period (Avashi Grover, 2008). The counselors should also know the culture of the African Americans well before commencing with the counseling. This will enable him know the particular attitudes and values of the group and therefore avoid prejudice while counseling them. Another ethical and legal aspect that the counselors should have is competency. The counselors should have knowledge about the particular group they are dealing with (Avashi Grover, 2008). The competency should enable him come up with the best decisions in treating the clients and also estimate costs and consequences of choosing the best method of treating the African American client. The counselors should keep the information acquired from the client as confidential so as to avoid conflicts with the clients Developing multicultural sensitivity awareness is an ongoing process. As counselors, it is important to view all clients as one individual, and comprehend that their beliefs, experiences, language and values affect the way they interact with others in a community. Also, we need to be aware that there are always differences within cultures. It is inappropriate to assume that a common culture is accepted by all members of a linguistic, racial or religious group. References Anderson, W. (1985). Journal of Counseling and development. Psychotherapy Counseling , 588–589. Avashi, A., Grover, S. (2008). Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development , 148-163. Norment, N. (2005). Readings in African American Language: Aspects, Features, and Perspectives. Bern: Peter Lang.

Guajilote Case Study Essay -- Business Management Strategy Formulation

Guajilote Case Study This essay examines the case study of the Guajilote co-operative, a co-operative with a licence to collect and sell fallen timber in the Honduras. The paper is in five sections; giving an impression of the co-operative as a business venture, conducting a SWOT analysis of the company, looking at any competitive advantage or strategy. Describing the value chain and considering strategic alternatives open to the co-operative. Solution 1. The business is certainly located in rural areas and considerations of how this may affect tribal people should be considered. The use of natural resources can be profitable but environmental considertaions such as the impact of deforestation on the global climate needs are vital. Mahogany is a rare wood and the tree does take a long time to grow. This business venture should plant so many trees for each Mahogany tree it finds felled. 2. SWOT Strengths: 1. Setting up hand sawmills at the fallen trees. 2. Developing a knowledge of markets and business practices. Weaknesses: 1. Massive funding required to drive operations. 2. Size and growth of the company is limited by the amount of mahogany produced. 3. Hard to find and process the trees. 4. Lack of adequate transportation. Opportunities: 1. Contributing to Honduras' economic growth. 2. Establish a good working relationship with distributors like Santos Munguia. 3. Establishing direct links with local furniture makers. Threats: 1. Deforrestation and impacts on the environment. 2. Pressure groups like Greenpeace and CITES. 3. Natural disasters like forest fires. 4. Decline in numbers of trees. 5. Treacherous terrain and wet weather. 6. Lack of co-operation from Honduran authorities. 7. Corrupt distributors not paying the workers for the wood worth. 3. This comapny does have a competitive advantage in that it can develop its links with local furniture manufacturers. It is possible to operate within the constraints of Cites, if transport costs are met by local buyers. Help provided to these local manufacturers may be achieved by setting up IT systems that monitor input and output of wood. Guajilote's strategy is weak in dealing with deforestation issues. It should engage in planting more mahogany trees. Greenhouses could be set up to cultivate the seedlings. The local population ne... ...lso destroy their seeds. Mahogany could therefore be quickly eliminated from a site. Each year, Guajilote lost more area from which it could take mahogany. To make matters worse, many Hondurans considered the area around La Muralla National Park to be a frontier open to settlement by landless campesinos (peasant farmers). In fleeing poverty and desertification, people were migrating to the Olancho province in large numbers. Not only did they clear the forests for cultivation, but they also cut wood for fuel and for use in building their homes. Most of the new settlements were being established in the area's best mahogany growing habitats. Another concern was that of potential restrictions by CITIES (the international convention on trade in endangered species). Although trade in mahogany was still permitted, it was supposed to be monitored very closely. If the populations of the twelve mahogany species continued to decrease, it was possible that mahogany would be given even greater protection under the CITIES framework. This could include even tighter restrictions on the trade in mahogany, or could even result in an outright ban similar to the worldwide ban on ivory trading.

Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage Essay

The Rapid growth in the aging baby boomers and the shortfall among the full- time equivalent nurses intensify the profound need for skilled nurses, thus, resulting to a massive importation of foreign registered nurse. To that end, several debates and questions sprung due to the governments considerable quick- fix in the shortage; imploring the legalities and the little attention given to the academic sector that strives to combat the problem. With the health care system being the beacon of a nation’s prosperity, addressing problems of statistics with just importation might be a problem itself. With the use of the nursing process, this paper examines the problem at hand, the actions taken and other solutions that may be use in the nursing deficit. Assessment According to the study by Brush, Sochalski, & Berger (2007); during the past 50 years, only 5 % of the United States nursing workforce was imported. It was only in the second half of 1990 that nearly 10,000 foreign nurses migrated. By the 20th century, as revealed by the American Hospital Association Survey of the Hospital Leaders (2007), difficulty in the hospital staffing of nurses garners 2nd or 44% over other hospital positions, with 49% dissatisfaction among nurses and issues of hospital capacity that garners 48% in all hospitals, acted as a bubble to the registered nurse shortage. This in time increases due to a decline in the graduates and the number of candidates taking the National Council Licensure Examination. Now with the increase in life expectancy, The American Hospital Association (2007) projected 75 million will be at the ages of 46 to 64 by 2010; Resulting to an increase in the needs and resources to match up with the future challenges of bedside care especially with chronic conditions in regards to old age Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 2 With a baseline of 2,347,000 demands for full-time equivalent nurses by 2010 as shown by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) it is projected by that only 83% of the total demand will be responded. Approximately there are 116,000 vacant positions for registered nurses or 8. 1 % national vacancy rate (HRSA, 2006). With a big shortage to relieve, the government pushes its efforts to create a more enticing and beneficial area for other nurses abroad to work in the country. Which therefore act as the driving force of the robust and lucrative business of recruitment agencies, that surges a worldwide manpower search resulting a turnover of foreign nurses in the hospital sector of about 71. 5 % as of 2000 alone (Brush et al.2007). In a 2004 survey by the Department of Health and Human Services, over 100,000 foreign born nurses, half of which are Filipinos, are already working in the U. S. (Savage, 2006); Thriving on the 42 % hiring rate of hospitals that have been reported by AHA Survey of Hospital Leaders (2007). As the nurse-patient ratio discrepancy is being filled up, problems with the local sector particularly with the academe tends to shake the grounds; Imploring on the little attention being given by the government to the local sector. As 42, 000 qualified applicants in 2006- 2007 were turned away by US nursing schools (Kuehn, 2007), the problem undermines an institutional problem due to lack of funds to train fresh graduates in relation to lesser clinical training placement, a growing faculty shortage, and a higher percentage of registered nurses that is not practicing as a full-term equivalent nurse in relation to a better shifting, work facility, and compensation on other fields. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 3 The lack of support for a transition program for the foreign nurses and an increasing foreign recruitment cost for the hospitals also lingers on the sideline. As stated by Parkland Health & Hospital System executive Beth Mancini, MSN, RN, FAAN, in an interview by Heather Stringer last 2002 for Nurseweek. com â€Å"The costs of hiring foreign nurses have substantially increased. † And that several nurse executives said â€Å"It costs about $10,000 to recruit an international nurse today and can take between 18 and 24 months for the nurse to arrive. † With the shortage problem seemingly to increase every year, several nurse executives contends that importation might not just be a short-term solution, and not the best that is, resulting to an aggressive stand to ease the institutional inadequacies. Diagnoses Importation reliance related to limited manpower secondary to work dissatisfaction and or insufficient college programs The unprecedented migration of foreign nurses only resolves the short- term problem in the health care sector. Instead of concentrating on importation, the root of the problem should be taken into account, as well as the drawbacks of relying on importation. Which does not only hinders U. S. institutions growth, but decelerates foreign countries health services. Planning With a wide range of interplaying reasons of nurse deficit, a formulated component of nurses’ shortage is applicable to organize the core problems within the dwindling insufficiency among the heath care sector. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 4 Components in the nurses’ shortage: †¢ Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Contributed by an increase in professional opportunities for women outside nursing, unattractive salary and longer career advancement. †¢ Unfavorable working conditions. Precipitated by problems on working hours, increase in the nurse-patient ratio, safety and size of the hospital facility. †¢ Inadequate institutional resources. That resulted to a shortage among nursing educators, a shift or state migration to bigger hospitals and lesser clinical placement. Implementation To bolster a growth in the U.S nurses population, problems that arise should be tackled on its ground roots. Using the nurse shortage component list, a summary of programs will be emphasized to meet the underlying causes of the nurses’ shortage. To encourage an influx of students to take up nursing, favorability and a positive avenue for growth and development must be shown. With the studies and advancement made by the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP) in their third report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress last April, 2003. Solutions to the formulated list will be guided by the requirements of the Public Health Service Act as amended by the Nurse Education and Practice Improvement Act of 1998. 1. Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Concentration to provisions that support career enhancement, Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 5 and expansion of knowledge and skills such as the Nurse Reinvestment Act and Career Ladder Grant Program which facilitates and funds further study of nursing specializations and enough appropriations for nurses to become faculty members. 2. Unfavorable working conditions. Enhancing patient care delivery system via granting funds related to communication among heath professionals for continuity of care. Giving out an award that develops internship or residencies for motivation, setting up limits to working hours, and establishment of programs that set nurse staffing to the level of care needed by the patients. 3. Inadequate institutional resources. Reaching out to the young members of society by granting scholarship program in exchange for community service, loans, and monthly stipends. Aside from concentrating on the students, faculty turnover should be address by giving out funds to nurses in exchange to become full- time students that are geared as a future faculty. Evaluation The immense power of a nation to import should not be the sole solution to any inadequacies of a country, though importation is beneficial to fill in the gaps, foresight is much needed to give a better perspective of what is vital for a country to grow. Providing continued support to the local system most especially to the academic and medical institutions, fosters a bigger advantage to the local sector. It produces insurmountable avenues and resources with for further health care challenges. Such actions taken by the NACNEP brings about a wider range of possibilities for the profession to grow. References American Hospital Association. (2007, May 8). When I’m 64: How boomers will change health care. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html American Hospital Association. (2007, July). The 2007 State of Americas Hospital-taking the pulse. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html> Brush, B.L , & Sochalski, J. , & Berger, A. M. ( 2004, May/June). Imported care: recruiting foreign nurses to U. S. health care facilities. Health Affairs, volume 23 (3), p 81. Health Resources and Services Administration. (2003, November). National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice: Third Report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress. Health Resources and Services Administration. What is behind HRSA’s projected supply, demand and shortage of registered nurse? Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://bhpr. hrsa. gov/healthworkforce/reports/behindrnprojections/6.htm Kuehn, B. M. (2007). No end in sight to nursing shortage: Bottleneck at nursing schools as a key factor. Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 298 (14) 1623-1625. Savage, L. (2006, April). Bandaids will not heal the nursing shortage. Hypercube Center for Science and Medical Journal. Boston University College of Communication. Stringer H. (2002, June 6). Foreign investments. Nurseweek. Retrieved on November 1, 2007 from http://www. nurseweek. com/news/features/02-06/international. asp WANTED: Imported Nurses Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortageÃ'Ž

Ethnographic Methods

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic methods for sociological research I am going to look at the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic methods for sociological research. Ethnography is in-depth research into people’s lives through the use of primary data such as Observations and Interviews, and also secondary data such as diaries, and official documents. The first method of research I am going to look at is a primary research method that is unstructured interviews.There are a few advantages to unstructured interviews such as; if a researcher is going to conduct and unstructured interview then the participant is more likely to discuss sensitive information with them, this is because they may feel that the interviewer is sympathetic and understanding and so are more likely to open up towards them. Another advantage is that it allows people to explain their answers further if they need to, for example with questionnaires the person answering may not be able to explain why they put that answer, and so their point is not put across as they would like to have been.There are also some disadvantages to unstructured interviews such as it takes time and can cost a lot of money; although this method is very effective at finding out detailed information about a person and their life, it can take a lot of time to conduct an interview and even longer as it is unstructured so the interviewer can ask as many questions as they like; it could cost quite a lot as you might need to hire an office to do so, and if you need to interview a lot of people over a few days the cost could rise very quickly.Also interview bias is another disadvantage; this means that the interviewer can ask questions that can influence the answer, which then affects the outcome of the results. Interviewer bias can be illustrated through the use of leading questions for example â€Å"Do you get on well with your boss? † this question can make the intervie wee question their relationship with their boss, and subtly raises the prospect that maybe they don’t get on with their boss.Another method of primary research covert observation, this involves the researcher joining the group that they are studying, and in covert observation the researcher does not tell them or allow them to find out their true identity. There are some advantages to covert observation such as it has high validity, as the researcher gets first-hand information about the people they are studying.This is a major advantage to covert observation because if this was done by someone else it may not be on the exact same topic and so not all the information they need is there. Another advantage of this method is that it avoids the observer effect, which is that people change their behaviour when they know they are being observed, and this would not show a true reflection of what they are really like.Some disadvantages to covert observation is that the participants ar e unaware of the experiment and so this is an ethical issue, as some people may not have wanted to be a part of the experiment, and if they find out that they are they could try and sue the researcher. Another disadvantage of this method is that the researcher could become influenced by the group and when writing their findings down it could be in favour or prejudiced against the group.

Management Models

Assessment Task One | Understanding the First Five Topics Competing Values Framework & The 4+2 Formulae The Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae are models that represent the management research perspective of balancing outward and inward development, and how important the equilibrium of both areas is, in the success and continued success of a business. The Competing Values Framework has been developed over 100 years of theoretical management models, with with each era having developed its own theories and practices born out of the period’s socioeconomic conditions.The Competing Values Framework is split into four main quadrants which re? ect the four main periods of prosperity and economic challenges. The quadrants re? ect the period’s dominant philosophy of management and represents the relationship within management, in regards to the degree of control and whether that control is projected internally or externally. In the extended research, the understandi ng of an inverse relationship of competing values has developed into an integrated management model. The inverse relationship between values represents the ‘push-and-pull’ of a successful management concept.The balance of each idea or value keeps the entity open to development of new concepts but also retains the checks and balances and inward e? ciency. The CVF represent a dichotomy of management values that in equilibrium are highly e? ective. In contrast to the Competing Values Framework the 4+2 Formulae was developed though the study of 160 companies over a 10 year period working with 50 academics and consultants with well recognised research tools. Their study of these companies was to determine what made them successful or what made them fail.The research into these companies was retroactive, starting starting in 1986 and selecting a variety of businesses with similar scale, scope and ? nancial means. The 4+2 formulae is a structured two tiered model, with the mai n principles of business; Strategy, Execution, Culture and Structure and the selection of two secondary business practises; Talent, Innovation, Leadership and Mergers & Partnerships. The 4+2 Formulae is a representation of the best practices of a successful business, it outlines the core components and practices these companies developed to become successful.This is formulae representation of a ‘recipe for success’. The formulae expresses that concept of the four main core values of a business and integration of a pair of focused expansion concepts into which new prospects can be developed. The di? erence between the research of the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae is shown in how di? erent the concepts are. The CVF is a consolidation of four management models built over the last century and expresses the careful balance in values that lead to success.The concept of this framework is to express the sensitivity of a business in the amount of control applie d and the balance of further growth with management of e? ciency. The research of the CVF also focused on the models of management and the theoretical concepts of each era, developing and contrasting each theory with the next to develop a diverse understanding of the paradigms in which management is based. In contrast to the 4+2 formulae which focuses on the growth or recession of a business though it core business practices and varying practices in growth.The 4+2 formulae is structured to be set of core values with an integration of two secondary business practices primarily focused on growth. The research into the companies showed that the each successful company excelled at the four core practises and incorporated any two of the secondary. In summary the research of each model di? ers in that one focuses on model and theorem based argument (the ideas and concepts of business) and the other focuses on the execution of core values and the incorporation of secondary growth orientate d practices (the application of ideas). Although these models are di? rent in the way they express the concept of success the main core values of both are very similar. For example; the 4+2 formulae calls for the exemplarily execution of Strategy, Execution, Culture & Structure, these fall into the main quadrants of the CVF and also inversely linked to each other exhibiting the relationship between each. Strategy, re? ects the Rational Goal model of direction and clarity, the roadmap. Execution, re? ects the Open systems model of growth, innovations and adaptation. Culture is core of the Human Relations model, it represents the embodiment of people and the empowering of sta?.Structure re? ects the Internal Process, of control, the checks and balances, the re? nement of e? ciency. The similarities of the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae is not surprising, they both come from the study of business values. The comparisons of the core values in the 4+2 formulae and the CV F show how closely related they are. The 4+2 formulae is a study of business practices and contrasting that to the CVF which is a study of business models throughout the last century, we can see that the models are sound being proven in theory and practice.The CVF a theoretically based model and the 4+2 a practice based model have overlapping values, making it a very sound model, as the theory is proofed by the practice. What makes these concept more concrete is the study of business in practice in a current economic period and applying a historic study of theories to that study, showing major similarities in those core values. This would substantiate soundness of both the Competing Values Framework and the 4+2 Formulae. The Compering Values Framework gives us the tools to develop and check our progress.It is a compass in giving us the direction required, while the 4+2 formulae is the roadmap, its structure allows us to progress through each stage and ? nd new avenues for growth and innovation. Using the CVF we can always check our performance and rede? ne our direction. Personal & Professional Leadership : Exploring informative detail & Key Concepts The comprehensive model of leadership expressed in ‘The importance of personal and professional leadership’ (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004), outline the e? ectiveness of a leader at an organisational level through the understanding of parallel leadership practices.Professional leadership and Personal leadership qualities run parallel to each other and both support and enhance the others ability to in? uence and cultivate willing cooperators. The article motif shows that leadership behaviour and actions are important in determining the e? ectiveness of the leader, and that a successful leader must be concerned with both task and peoplerelated issues. Professional and Personal leadership in the model is expressed as a integrated practice, as each component lends itself to the other; suc h ideas are expressed in the articles ‘The Theory of the Business’ (Drucker, P. 994) & ‘Trends that could shake up your business’ (Ofek, E. and Wathieu,L. 2010) . These articles express how e? ective leaders in? uence individuals to work cohesively towards organisational success. Leadership is as much about in? uencing others with a comprehensive understanding of business and business direction as well as in? uencing them though interpersonal relationships. Both articles place leaders in a position where knowledge of business practices, having a perspective and vision for organisational success, and growth are important in an individual’s perception of trust in a leader’s expertise.Individuals will more likely trust a leader who has the expertise, the insight and vision of growing and developing the organisation. Trusted leaders should have a more expansive way of thinking to engender changes within the organisation and the marketplace. The ma in concept of these two articles express that a leader requires the ability to have forethought and the ability to adapt to di? erent situations. Professional leadership requires leaders to be clear on direction, be able to develop strategies to follow and coordinate the uni? d energies of individuals toward organisational success. Followers require this foundation of expertise as re? ected by; Professional leadership is an essential step in the leadership process. It provides a foundation that leads to willing cooperation. ( Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004, page 446) Druker, Ofek and Wathieu also hint that the e? ectiveness of these leaders are interrelated to the perception of the leader as a knowledgable and trustworthy person. Therefore the Professional leadership quality is symbiotic with the perception of the leader, which is also re? cted in our model: When an organisation has created a direction that promotes both individual and organisational success, values continuous improvement, makes it clear to employees their role is in helping achieve organisational success†¦ will likely lead to perceptions of expertise, trust, caring, sharing & morality. – (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 2004, page442) This gives a more informative depth to the model, as we can see how interactions of the personal side of leadership can a? ect the e? ectiveness of leaders. Personal leadership is an important re? ction of the person who is leading, ‘Discovering Your Authentic Leadership’ (George, B. Sims, P. McLean, A. and Mayer, D. 2007. ) details how the personal narrative can feed how genuine a leader is perceived. The story of David Pottruck former CEO of Charles Schwab shows us that one sided use of professional leadership is ine? ective. David saw his hard work and long hours as a positive way to ensure success and achieve results, however this only intimidated his colleges and lead to a mistrust between himself and his f ollowers. In this instance a leader who did not realise his e? ct on his followers or chose to ignore them was in the end ine? ective at leading. His pursuit of results and success alienated him from others and created an environment devoid of willing cooperation. In ‘Why should Anybody Be Lead By You? ’ (Go? ee, R. and Jones, G. 2000) the article asks why as a leader, do you have the privilege of leading? The article questions why and how a leader is successful and expresses that there are four qualities that successful leaders possess. This article’s concept re? ects trait theory to an extent, the article points out key traits that all successful leaders possess have but also speci? d that each quality is di? erent from one leader to the next. Go? ee and Jones argue that leaders need to bridge the gap between professional leader to personal leader. The article argues that the nature of using only professional leadership will lead to a perception of a ? awlessne ss, a leader who is ? awless in work would not need help or want it, thus alienating him from a cooperative environment. The article suggests that leaders bridge the gap, by selectively revealing ? aws, ‘Sharing imperfection is so e? ective because it underscores a human being’s authenticity’- (Go? e, R. and Jones, G. 2000, page 65). Showing your follower that you are genuine and approachable – human and humane’ – (Go? ee, R. and Jones, G. 2000, page 66). These ideas of allowing your followers to see a chip in your armour shows that you are willing to take one for your team and are as just as human as they are, building trust between you and others. These ideas are echoed in our model; Organisational members must have con? dence in the expertise of their leaders , and must trust that the leaders are doing what is best for everyone. – (Mastrangelo. A. Eddy, e. and Lorenzet, S. 004, p441) The willingness to rely on another† has als o been found to be an important factor in establishing trust (rousseau et al, 1998). Trust in this perspective has as its basis reliability, which is enhanced consistency and predictability. (Cook & Campbell, 1979; Deming, 1982; Kerlinger, 1986) Personal leadership incorporates the sharing nature of humility and the ability for individuals to care for each other. Becoming a more genuine leader allow for greater interaction between leader and follower, creating a support team which allows them to keep you on track.Selectively admitting faults and limitations on knowledge and experiences would only enhance a leaders humility. As seen from; Researchers have have suggested that leaders should move beyond the hero myth or â€Å"great man† perspective on leadership(Murrell,1997), show their humanness by being open about their limitations in knowledge and experience(Weick,2001), and focus more on how followers in? uence the process of leadership(Uhl-Bien,2006). – (Owens, B. & Hekman, D. 2012, ‘Modeling how to grow: an inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes’ Academy of Management Journal, 2012, Vol. 5, No. 4, 787-818) Ideas from the ? ve main articles elaborate on the e? ectiveness of a leader though the incorporation of personal characteristics of the leader. Each article has its own way of developing the concept that professional leaders are e? ective only when they are perceived as good leaders in their own right. Trust, care, sharing and morals are valued highly by individuals who follow these leaders and are developed through personal leadership qualities. The foundation for leadership is the understanding of business practices (professional leadership) develop the foundations of personal leadership around it.Becoming a successful leader calls for a more developed and in depth practice in personal leadership. George et al, calls for the use of personal narrative to enrich the values and become a mo re authentic leader, authentic in a sense that the leader believes in what he/she is doing. Authenticity relies on the leader being passionate about what they do and in e? ect caring about it. Go? ee et al. & Owens et al argue that the admission of faults and limitations in ability when selectively done will bene? t a leader in that becoming more genuine.A leader who is able to admit faults shows that they are able to be empathetic and fosters a sharing informative environment. These ideas are all matched in our model by Mastrangelo et al. though three theorems: 1. Professional Leadership (providing direction, process and co-ordination will be positively related to willing cooperation 2. Personal leadership (ie. demonstrating expertise, trust, caring, sharing and morals) will be positively related to willing cooperation. 3. Personal Leadership will mediate the relationship between professional leadership and willing cooperation.Mastrangelo et al. expresses that these three concepts lead towards willing cooperation and are explored in depth when you layer the other 5 articles. Firstly as outlined, the professional leadership provides the direction, process and coordination, the basis of business practice, which is echoed by Drucker in ‘The Theory of Business’ and by Ofek & Wathieu in ‘Trends that could shake up your Business’. These articles concentrated on the professional leadership skills of being able to provide direction for the organisation, but also outline the importance that each individual understands as well.The articles give detail on how leaders must be able to make others understand and also be able to think outside the box, to have a way of forward thinking. Secondly, Personal leadership requires the demonstration values of the person. The foundation of professional practice where the expertise is expressed if followed by the understanding and comprehension of the follower, and their acceptance and trust leader’s expertise. The development of further values goes on to build this trust. As George et al. , Go? ee et al. and Owens et al. examines, the development in the character, the authenticity of a leader is the expression of their personal values and to show that they are also human. The idea to let go of the heroic leader perspective and adopt a more humble approach, to allow your followers to connect on an interpersonal level. The development of a fostering relationship that allows though the understanding of individuals, to care for each other to understand that each person has their own faults and short comings, developing a larger and more complex investment in their leader.Thirdly, the quality of the personal leadership will mediate the e? ectiveness of the professional. As individuals develop a more complete and authentic perspective of a leader the e? ectiveness of professional leadership will progress. As leaders become more aware of both their own and followers strengths and weak nesses their development into becoming a more e? ective continues to grow. When they reinvest what their followers have invested in them, they start to empower others to lead.They not only inspire those around them , they empower those individuals to step up and lead. – (George, B. Sims, P. McLean, A. and Mayer, D. 2007). The degree in which e? ectiveness is measured is by the depth and willingness of others to help and follow a leader, based on their personal leadership. These articles give a detailed view of the model, as its expresses both real world and theoretical concepts that both elaborate and embellish Mastrangelo et al. focus on the importance of personal and professional leadership.