Electrochemistry Calculations Using the Nernst Equation

The Nernst equation is used to calculate the voltage of an electrochemical cell or to find the concentration of one of the components of the cell. The Nernst Equation The Nernst equation relates the equilibrium cell potential (also called the Nernst potential) to its concentration gradient across a membrane. An electric potential will form if there is a concentration gradient for the ion across the membrane and if selective ions channels exist so that the ion can cross the membrane. The relation is affected by temperature and whether the membrane is more permeable to one ion over others. The equation may be written: Ecell E0cell - (RT/nF)lnQ Ecell cell potential under nonstandard conditions (V)E0cell cell potential under standard conditionsR gas constant, which is 8.31 (volt-coulomb)/(mol-K)T temperature (K)n number of moles of electrons exchanged in the electrochemical reaction (mol)F Faradays constant, 96500 coulombs/molQ reaction quotient, which is the equilibrium expression with initial concentrations rather than equilibrium concentrations Sometimes it is helpful to express the Nernst equation differently: Ecell E0cell - (2.303*RT/nF)logQ at 298K, Ecell E0cell - (0.0591 V/n)log Q Nernst Equation Example A zinc electrode is submerged in an acidic 0.80 M Zn2 solution which is connected by a salt bridge to a 1.30 M Ag solution containing a silver electrode. Determine the initial voltage of the cell at 298K. Unless youve done some serious memorizing, youll need to consult the standard reduction potential table, which will give you the following information: E0red: Zn2aq 2e- → Zns -0.76 V E0red: Agaq e- → Ags 0.80 V Ecell E0cell - (0.0591 V/n)log Q Q [Zn2]/[Ag]2 The reaction proceeds spontaneously so E0 is positive. The only way for that to occur is if Zn is oxidized (0.76 V) and silver is reduced (0.80 V). Once you realize that, you can write the balanced chemical equation for the cell reaction and can calculate E0: Zns → Zn2aq 2e- and E0ox 0.76 V 2Agaq 2e- → 2Ags and E0red 0.80 V which are added together to yield: Zns 2Agaq → Zn2a 2Ags with E0 1.56 V Now, applying the Nernst equation: Q (0.80)/(1.30)2 Q (0.80)/(1.69) Q 0.47 E 1.56 V - (0.0591 / 2)log(0.47) E 1.57 V

Econ - 1874 Words

1. Amos McCoy is currently raising corn on his 100-acre farm and earning an accounting profit of $100 per acre. However, if he raised soybeans, he could earn $200 per acre. Is he currently earning an economic profit? Why or why not? -By raising corn instead of soybeans Amos is missing out on an economic profit of $100. Therefore Amos should start growing Soybeans to maximize his profit. 2. Determine whether each of the following is an explicit cost or an implicit cost: a) Payments for labor purchased in the labor market EXPLICIT COST b) A firm’suse of a warehouse that it owns and could rent to another firm IMPLICIT COST c) The wages that owners could earn if they did not work for themselves IMPLICIT COST 3. What are†¦show more content†¦10. Please read an article about productivity online at http://ccs.mit.edu/papers/ccswp202/ What is the expected long-run impact of information technology on productivity and cost? Chapter 9 questions: 11. (Demand Under Perfect Competition) What type of demand curve does a perfectly competitive firm face? Why? * Perfect Elastic Demand function 12. Explain the different options a firm has to minimize losses in the short run. - in order to know the the short run it depend s on the size and the product of your firm 13. (The Short-Run Firm Supply Curve) Each of the following situations could exist for a firm in the short run. In each case, indicate whether the firm should produce in the short run or shut down in the short run, or whether additional information is needed to determine what it should do in the short run a. Total cost exceeds total revenue at all output levels. SHUT RUN b. Total variable cost exceeds total revenue at all output levels. SHUT DOWN 14. (The Long-Run Industry Supply Curve) A normal good is being produced in a constant-cost, perfectly competitive industry. Initially, each firm is in long-run equilibrium. Briefly explain the short-run adjustments for the market and the firm to a decrease in consumer incomes. What happens to output levels, prices, profits, and the number of firms? - IN THE SHORT RUN , THE QUANITY OF VARIABLKE RESOURCES CAN CHANGE, BUT OTHER RESOURCES,Show MoreRelatedEcon984 Words   |  4 PagesMaximum four per group, all students must be registered in the same section of the same course. Names must be in alphabetical order on the cover page. †¢ Graded work will be available for pick-up beginning on the afternoon of Friday March 14 in the Econ Distribution Center, Dunning Hall Room 334. You will require your student card. †¢ This assignment covers material from Chapters 20-24 of the text. 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Increase [Q#2057] At any moment the equilibrium price in the market for tablet computers will be determined by ________ . c. Buyers and the sellers of tablet computers [Q#2059] The equilibrium price is also known as c. the market-clearing price. [Q#4021] Along a demand curve with a constant slopeRead MoreEcon4429 Words   |  18 PagesECON 11026 Assignment Item 1 . S0183732 Part A Q1ai) Article can be found in the following website : http://www.skynews.com.au/businessnews/article.aspx?id=738928amp;vId= The article ‘ Strong jobs figures put rate cut in doubt’ described that there is an increase in employment in the last one month which might help in putting hold to rate cut by Reserve Bank of Australia. There are positive signs in Australian job market with increase in 44000 employed peopleRead MoreEcon754 Words   |  4 PagesAssume that a cargo ship carrying the merchandise of a cloth merchant has been wrecked. 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Debut Albums and Ms. Levine English free essay sample

After you left me all I was left with Is shock and great grief I lost you, best friend. I lust seem to cant take in the fact that you left me all alone In this cold hard world and you are not by my side anymore. After you made become a walking zombie. I was too sad and depressed to eat or sleep; or even function right. You were my other half, my twin, but most importantly we were more then sisters.Our friendship could never ampere to anything, we were thicker then a peanut butter and Jelly sandwich. We did EVERYTHING together. The love I have for you no one could ever replace That. I would tell you that I love you more then Sponge loves Jelly fishing. Sandy loves karate. Mr.. Grabs loves money. sluggard loves his clarinet I need her Like Plankton needs the Crabby Patty Secret Formula. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Ms. Levine English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I miss you so much I need you back in my life. I want to tell you that our memories will never fade; it will always be locked up tight n my heart and I will forever cherish those memories. She always been there for me, because you were my best friend, and I was always there for her until the very end. Even though that I will miss you, and Ill think about you everyday youll always be my best friend, and thats all I have to say. I hope youre in a better and happier place and I hope youre always by my side guiding me through hard times because even thought you not with me youll always live inside of me. [pica Always and Forever!

Debates Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Extension Issue free essay sample

Lincoln and Douglas debated the slavery extension issue in 1 858, therefore, they were addressing the problem that had divided the nation into two hostile camps. The issue that threatened the continued existence of the nation. Lincoln spoke out against the union. Say that the country wont survive long if it is split. Douglas took this as an opportunity, and referred to Lincoln as a radical. Lincoln then challenged Douglas to a series of debates, and the two eventually agreed to have seven debates in the state of Illinois.The debates, each three hours long, were convened in Ottawa held August 1 , Freeport held August 27, Joneses held September 15, Charleston held September 18, Eagleburger held October 7, Quince held October 13, and Alton held October 15. Douglas repeatedly tried to brand Lincoln as a dangerous radical who stood for racial equality and disruption of the Union. Lincoln emphasized the moral iniquity of slavery and attacked popular sovereignty for the blood it had spilled in Kansas. We will write a custom essay sample on Debates: Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Extension Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first debate in Ottawa, Douglas accused Lincoln of trying to get rid of the Whig and democratic party.He also said that Lincoln was taking the side f the common enemy in the Mexican War. He even decided to say that Lincoln wanted to make Illinois a free negro colony. Which then was not a normal view. At the debate in Freeport Lincoln challenged Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dried Scott decision. Douglas replied that settlers could make the decision by not establishing the local police regulations that protected a masters property. Without that protection, no one with slaves would move into that territory.In the third debate, in Joneses, Illinois, Douglas tried to make Lincoln me unreliable. Saying that Locoing said something new, or took a new stance on an issue in the different parts of Illinois. He again repeated that Lincoln stood for racial equality. Lincoln denied all of the accusations except for the racial equality. In the fourth debate, in Charleston, Illinois, Lincoln accused that Douglas was plotting to create a constitution for Kansas allowing it to be voted upon by the people of Kansas. Lincoln gave a detailed history of the Kansas Nebraska Act and explained a conspiracy to nationalize slavery. Douglas ended the conspiracy, and restated again, that Lincoln wanted equality of the races. In the fifth debate, in Eagleburger, Illinois, Douglas explained how he opposed the Locomotion Constitution as well as an compromise on the issue. He made a statement on how the Declaration of Independence was written by white men, and was only mean to apply to white men. Lincoln stated how he believed that the Declaration of Independence was meant to apply to all men. In the sixth debate, in Quince, Illinois, Lincoln again denied that he said different things at different debates.He emphasized how slavery was morally wrong, and promised that Republicans would attack slavery where the constitution allowed them to. Douglas refused to argue whether or not slavery was right or wrong, he insisted that each local area should have the right to decide for themselves. In the seventh debate, in Alton, Illinois, Lincoln stated that the Kansas Nebraska Act repealed Henry Clays Missouri Compromise. Lincoln used Clays statements that slavery was evil and Lincoln charged that by excluding the other races from the Declaration of Independence Douglas euthanized ND tool away from their rights to strive and be free.

Assisted Suicide Essays - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics,

Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide presents one of the greatest dilemmas to the medical profession. Should someone who is mentally competent, but deemed terminally ill, be allowed to engage in physician-assisted suicide? According to the First Amendment of The Constitution of The United States, one has the freedom to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The Fourteenth Amendment states, The State cannot deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The group believes that a terminally ill patient has the Constitutional right to decide whether or not to end his or her life with the help of a licensed medical doctor. There have been many cases over the years where a terminally ill patient who is mentally competent has made the choice to either partake in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia. Physician-assisted suicide occurs when the physician provides the patient with the means and/or knowledge to commit suicide(Death and Dying,91). Euthanasia is when the physician administers the death causing drug or agent(Death and Dying,92). The most recent case is that of The State of Florida v. Charles Hall. Charles Hall is dying of AIDS and challenged the State of Florida to let him die by a self-administered lethal injection without fear of prosecution(http://www.rights.org/ deathnet/open.html). On January 31, 1997, a Judge ruled that Charles Hall could take his own life with the aid of a doctor. Senior Judge S. Joseph Davis, brought in from Seminole County, found that Florida's strict privacy law and the equal protection clause in the U.S. Constitution entitled Hall, 35, and Dr. McIver to carry out an assisted death without fear of prosecution (Sun-Sentinel, 1A). On February 11, 1997, Charles Hall's ruling was overturned by the Florida Supreme Court: he no longer has the right to end his own life. He will have to wait until May 9, 1997 until new arguments will be heard. Hall, who has been deemed mentally competent, contracted the virus in 1981 through a blood transfusion. Some of the complications he is encountering from the AIDS virus are arthritis, hepatitis, pneumonia and a brain cyst (http://www.rights.org/deathnet/ open.html). The Oregon Death with Dignity Act allows terminally ill adults who are mentally competent to ask for a prescription for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner(http://www.rights.org/deathnet/ open.html). This act, Measure 16, was approved by the voters in 1994. Renewed efforts at the Legislative level to overturn Measure 16 may now be anticipated to prevent the law from being used(http://www.rights.org/deathnet/open. html). In June, 1990, the Supreme Court decided that the parents of 32 year old Nancy Beth Cruzan, who had been in a car accident and in what Doctor's called a vegetative state for seven years, could not end her treatment. Later that same year, a Missouri Court ruled that the feeding tube could be removed after evidence that Cruzan would wish to terminate the treatment was proven. Nancy Beth Cruzan died twelve days later(Death and Dying,26). The First Amendment gives one the right to demand the correction of an injustice. Would one not consider a terminal illness an injustice? Charles Hall contracted this deadly disease from a blood transfusion not from shooting drugs or having unprotected sex. So wouldn't Hall be entitled to have this injustice corrected? The Fourteenth Amendment gives one the right to life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. However, is living with complications from a terminal illness, so severe that one is unable to function dependently, life? The government says that it is. Liberty is freedom, but is having complications which do not allow one to be free and independent, freedom? The government says once again that it is. Freedom is also having the ability to make choices. These choices should include the ability to decide to end one's own life when such complications exist. In conclusion, evidence has shown that the First and Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution entitles citizens of the United States of America the right to die. The government was setup to govern, not to rule with absolute power. If the people were to keep silent about what

Earth First vs. Headwaters essays

Earth First vs. Headwaters essays Earth First! is characterized as a radical environmental group by its enemies and as a necessary and militant group seeking to protect the environment from illegal use and predatory actions by big business by its supporters. The group has raised objections to one project in particular, the Headwaters project in Humboldt County in Northern California, bringing it into conflict not only with the Maxxam Corporation that is pushing this project and with various employees or potential employees of that company but also with the FBI, lading to several court cases either directed at Earth First! or undertaken by Earth First! in order to challenge the actions of Maxxam. A number of legal issues are raised in these court actions by both sides in the dispute. Headwaters Forest was acquired by Maxxam Corporation in 1986 in a leveraged buyout. Maxxam Corporation is headed by Texas financier Charles Hurwitz, and he greatly increased logging of ancient redwoods to reduce his takeover debt, which started a ten-year battle with Earth First! over what would happen to the forest. The forest in question includes six ancient groves of old-growth coastal redwoods covering approximately 6,000 acres. Also included is another 12,000 acres of old-growth trees. These have been selectively logged but are surrounded by a mixture of young forest, stream zones, and cut-over lands targeted by environmentalists for restoration. Groups like Earth First! became interested because there are good reasons The old-growth redwoods of Headwaters provide critical habitat for the endangered marbled murrelet, coho salmon, and other species. Only 150 years ago the redwood forests of Oregon and California covered two million acres; now less than four percent remain. The Clinton administration and the State of California have agreed to purchase two of ...

Speaker responce on sport markting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speaker responce on sport markting - Essay Example She has travelled the world so I am sure that she understands the cultural aspect of sports marketing particularly when the market is international in scope. The requirements for this had been outlined by Blanchard et al., (2012), underpinning a degree of market heterogeneity that sports marketers should understand. The speaker’s expertise is on television and she offered really helpful insights with regards to producing marketable content. What made her relevant for me in this respect was that despite her generation in terms of the length of her career, she immediately identified mobile communication as the development that would make sports television exciting and very viable today and in the future. I believe that this is the most important part of her presentation. According to her, there is a lot of opportunities and they are within the platform where content could be accessed anytime, regardless of location. She also cited the role of emerging players in the sports telev ision industry brought about by the new capabilities allowed by technology. Based from what she has talked about, it seems to me that there will be a lot of diversity in terms of marketing. This is where I believe I could apply what I have learned in the presentation to my career. She provided the details with how I would be able to maximize marketing opportunities and engage the target market by using the new media such as mobile communication and technologies such as streaming technology. I see several insights that are applicable to marketing events such as the Qatar Olympics. In learning the tools and strategies as told by the speaker, I think that I could create or build a sound marketing strategy for it, one that maximizes its potential as a sporting event. While the speaker began the presentation with an outline of opportunities, she also gave enough materials that allowed the audience to determine that despite the technological